6. chock the drive wheels. FUELING WITH ENGINES OPERATING (HOT REFUELING) Hot refueling is performed only when operations require rapid turnaround of aircraft, since hot refuel- ing is significantly more dangerous and costly in terms of fuel and manpower expenditures. Only pres- sure hot refueling is performed. A minimum of three ground crew personnel are required for each hot-refueling operation. All person- nel performing hot-refueling operations must be fully trained and qualified. The usual duties of each of these personnel are listed in the following paragraphs. Lo- cal conditions or procedures, however, may require that the duties be distributed differently among the refueling personnel. If the station is configured such that the deadman control operator does not have a direct line-of-sight of both the aircraft pilot and the nozzle operator, a fourth person (refueling coordina- tor) is mandatory. Personnel required for hot-refueling aircraft are as follows: One station operator. The station operator must be a fully qualified station operator from the local fuels management organization. He or she must be positioned to observe and monitor the entire hot-refueling opera- tion. Duties include actual operation of the deadman control. One nozzle operator. The nozzle operator must be a squadron crewmember qualified for aircraft refu- eling duties related to the specific aircraft type model being refueled. Duties include the performance of nec- essary aircraft refueling checks, such as the testing of the precheck system and the vent and refueling panel monitoring. The nozzle operator remains at the nozzle throughout the refueling and leaves only to conduct necessary vent checks. One fire watch operator. This operator is nor- mally TAD from one of the squadrons being refueled. One refueling coordinator (plane captain). The refueling coordinator will be a crewmember of the squadron whose plane is being hot-refueled. The coor- dinator’s primary duties include directing all move- ments of the aircraft and coordinating hand signals between fuel crew and the pilot. If the deadman control operator has a direct line-of-sight to both the aircraft pilot and the nozzle operator, the refueling coordina- tor’s duties may be performed by either the station operator or the nozzle operator. Equipment Requirements The following equipment is the minimum  re- quired to conduct hot-refueling operations at shore activities: One fuel service unit, such as a direct refueling station (pit) or mobile refueler. This unit must pos- sess all of the required features and systems listed earlier in this chapter for systems/facilities that refuel aircraft (filter/separator, fuel monitor, and so forth). The fuel service unit MUST have a com- pletely operational deadman control, which MUST cut off the flow of fuel to the aircraft immediately (within 2 seconds) upon release. Leakage past this valve with the deadman in the released position cannot exceed 1 gallon in 5 minutes. A pantograph or a minimum of 50 feet of refueling hose. Pantograph fueling arms are preferred, be- cause they are significantly less prone to rupture. One bonding/grounding cable. Newer direct refuel- ing stations (pits) are designed with the bond- ing/grounding cable built into the pantograph and along the hose. A separate bonding cable is there- fore not needed with these systems. Both the truck and aircraft must be grounded to the earth as well as bonded to each other during hot-refueling opera- tions with trucks. Aircraft wheel chocks. Sound-attenuating ear protectors, goggles, cranials, and long-sleeved shirts and pants for each crew- member. Personnel must NOT wear shoes that have nails or other metal devices on the soles of their shoes that might cause sparking. A fire extinguisher at each relueling station. All ground personnel involved in the hot-refueling op- eration must be qualified in operating the fire-ex- tinguishing equipment in use. One emergency dry-break quick-disconnect. This device is attached to the refueling hose near the pantograph (on direct refueling stations) or attach- ment point to the fuel servicing unit. Hot-Refueling Procedures The following must be accomplished before air- craft enter the hot-refueling area: 7-20