control tower and thereafter as instructed by ATC while operating in the
Class C airspace area
From a satellite airport without an operating control tower must establish
and maintain two-way radio communications with the ATC facility having
jurisdiction over the Class C airspace area as soon as practicable after
Equipment requirements Unless otherwise authorized by the ATC having jurisdiction
over the Class C airspace area, no person may operate an aircraft within a Class C
airspace area designated for an airport unless that aircraft is equipped with the
applicable equipment specified in CFR 91.215, and after January 1, 2020, CFR 91.225.
Deviations An operator may deviate from any provision of this section under the
provisions of an ATC authorization issued by the ATC facility having jurisdiction over the
airspace concerned. ATC may authorize a deviation on a continuing basis or for an
individual flight, as appropriate.
Class D Airspace
Unless otherwise authorized or required by the ATC facility having jurisdiction over the
Class D airspace area, each person operating an aircraft in Class D airspace must
comply with the applicable provisions of this section. In addition, each person must
comply with CFR 91.126 and 91.127. For the purpose of this section, the primary airport
is the airport that the Class D airspace area is designated. A satellite airport is any other
airport within the Class D airspace area.
Deviations An operator may deviate from any provision of this section under the
provisions of an ATC authorization issued by the ATC facility having jurisdiction over the
airspace concerned. ATC may authorize a deviation on a continuing basis or for an
individual flight, as appropriate.
Communications Each person operating an aircraft in Class D airspace must meet the
following two-way radio communications requirements:
1. Arrival or through flight Each person must establish two-way radio
communications with the ATC facility (including foreign ATC in the case of
foreign airspace designated in the United States) providing air traffic services
prior to entering that airspace and thereafter maintain those communications
while within that airspace.
2. Departing flight Each person:
From the primary airport or satellite airport with an operating control tower
must establish and maintain two-way radio communications with the
control tower and thereafter as instructed by ATC while operating in the
Class D airspace area
From a satellite airport without an operating control tower must establish
and maintain two-way radio communications with the ATC facility having
jurisdiction over the Class D airspace area as soon as practicable after
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