SUMMARY OF CHARACTERISTICSOF FUELSIn summary, it is important that you remember thefollowing characteristics of fuels:—From the standpoint of fire, explosion, andhealth, gasolines, JP-4, and JP-8 are extremely hazard-ous and must be handled with equal caution. JP-5 jetfuel is safer, with respect to possible explosions andpoisoning. However, the potential hazards of fire fromfuel-soaked rags and waste and of skin blistering fromsoaked clothing must not be ignored.—Jet engine fuels and gasolines are designed forentirely different types of engines. Therefore, the properfuel must be used for each type of engine.QUALITY SURVEILLANCELEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe the prob-lems caused by fuel contamination. State thetypes and limits of fuel contaminants. Describethe equipment used and explain the correctoperating procedures in testing for fuel con-tamination.The major objective of fuel-handling personnel isto deliver fuel to aircraft, clean and free of water. Thecomplex fuel systems of modem aircraft do not func-tion properly if the fuel is contaminated with dirt, rust,water, or other foreign matter. Even very small quan-tities of dirt or solid matter can plug or restrict fuelmetering orifices and accelerate the clogging of fuelfilters. Very small quantities of water are also harmfulsince ice may form in aircraft tanks at high altitudes.Ice affects orifices, controls, and filters like dirt. Thecomplete stoppage of fuel flow by ice or dirt causesengine failure, and partial stoppage causes poor engineperformance.PROBLEMS CAUSED BY FUELCONTAMINATIONContaminated fuel has caused aircraft accidentswith a tragic loss of life, loss of valuable aircraft, andthe grounding of entire squadrons. This means thatclean fuel is a LIFE-OR-DEATH matter with aviationpersonnel. The lesson has been learned the hard wayby too many, and with fatal results. The time to be-come fuel conscious is NOW.ENGINE FAILURESBesides being deadly, contaminants can be sneaky.A certain type of emulsion resulting from the presenceof water and rust particles can stick to the sides of anaircraft’s fuel cells and not be noticed. You can evendrain out a sample of fuel and find no evidence of thisdeposit. It can continue to build up and part of it maywash off and pass through a strainer into a fuel control.There can be only one result, reduced power and, fi-nally, engine failure.Foreign particles so small they cannot be seen withthe naked eye can cause damage in a jet engine. Thefuel control of a jet engine is a masterpiece of engi-neering and craftsmanship. It automatically regulatesfuel flow to compensate for changes in altitude andspeed. It makes practical the piloting by human beingsof incredibly powerful jet aircraft. But doing thesethings requires that the fuel control have preciselyfitted meters and valves. The moving parts withinsome of these meters and valves have clearances ofless than 0.005 of an inch. Particles of foreign matteronly slightly larger than this clearance can jam thevalve or prevent it from seating properly. Particlesslightly smaller can stick and build up, or wedgebetween the parts. Thus, we must remove particles sosmall they can be seen only with a microscope.UNNECESSARY REPAIR WORKFuel carrying water or dirt can cause a great deal ofextra maintenance work. For example, in atypical Navyengine overhaul shop it became necessary at one timeto completely disassemble every jet engine fuel controlthat came into the shop because of the chance of internaldamage. Ordinarily, the controls that had been in useless than half of their overhaul time could have simplybeen bench-checked to verify their performance andthen returned for use on the engine. However, experi-ence showed that more than 50 percent of the fuelcontrols overhauled had failed because of internal cor-rosion. The cause was water in the fuel. Such extrarepair work is not confined to jet engines. Water in thefuel also can cause erroneous readings on the aircraft’sfuel quantity gages, which can be exceedingly danger-ous in flight.DELAYED FLIGHTSIn addition to causing engine failures, fuel contami-nation can mean serious delays in flight operations.Normal procedure requires that all aircraft fueled froma source where contamination is discovered be checked.3-5
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