unless an earlier change is forced by one of the fol- lowing conditions: The pressure drop across either the filter or the monitor elements reaches 20 psi. The combined pressure drop across the filter and monitor elements reaches 25 psi. A significant drop in differential pressure occurs, indicating an element rupture. The differential pressure fails to increase after an extended pied, indicating either ruptured elements or improper installation. The complete shutdown of fuel flow and/or a very rapid increase in pressure differential across the monitor elements. This usual] y indicates a failure of the filter/separators. If this condition occurs, both the fil- ter/separator and monitor elements must be changed. During filter changes, the permanent second- stage water separator elements should be tested for their ability to repel water. If the separator element does not repel or cause the water to bead, it should be washed with warm water and tested again. Records and Reports Observation of abnormal operating conditions is vital to a good preventive maintenance program. The detection of small operating faults and their subsequent minor correction or repair can often avert the develop- ment of major problems requiring extensive repairs. Such conditions must be promptly reported to the proper authorities in order to achieve the necessary repairs or corrections. These deficiency reports are in written form. Facilities “must maintain maintenance records in sufficient detail to provide the following: Identification of each major structure, equip- ment item, group of items, or system Current maintenance status, including un- funded deficiencies and uncompleted job or- ders Past maintenance history, including description and cost of major repairs or replacements Recommendations for future programmed re- pairs or replacements, including estimates of funds or manpower requirements ASHORE OPERATING PROCEDURES LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Explain the proce- dures for various ashore fueling operations. The operating procedures presented and dis- cussed in this section are for general types of fuel facilities and equipment common to all or most activi- ties engaged in the fueling of aircraft. Since the actual facilities and equipment vary greatly from installation to installation, these procedures and accompanying information are designed to serve as a basic outline and guide. As always, use your station’s specific op- erational procedures for actual fueling and defueling operations. SPILL PREVENTION AND CONTROL Proper training of fuel-servicing personnel is essen- tial. Proper maintenance of the equipment is equally essential. Leaking or malfunctioning equipment must be removed from service. Self-closing nozzles or dead- man controls must not be blocked open or bypassed. Kinks and short loops in fuel hoses should be avoided. In addition, a fuel-spill/fire prevention drill must be conducted at least quarterly. When a spill is observed, the fuel servicing must be stopped immediately by release of the deadman control, by closing the nozzle handle, or by operation of the emergency fuel shutoff. The supervisor is noti- fied at once, and the operation must not be resumed until authorized by the supervisor. Every fuel spill must be investigated to determine the cause, whether emergency procedures were properly carried out, and what corrective measures are required. Priming Spills Pint-size spills, involving an area less than 18 inches in any dimension, require no emergency action during cold-refueling operations. However, ramp per- sonnel should stand by with a fire extinguisher until operations are complete and/or the aircraft departs. A spill or leak of any size is cause for terminating a hot-refueling operation. Small Spills Other small spills involving an area of from 18 inches to 10 feet in any dimension must have a fire guard posted, equipped with at least one fire extin- guisher. Either absorbent cleaning agent or emulsion 7-13