CHAPTER 2 ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLESHOOTING
GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
Figure 2-1.-Radiation, intake, exhaust, and turbine blade failure danger areas.
Low-Voltage Precautions
Volatile Liquids
ELECTRICAL FIRES
Nonmagnetic Tools
UNSCHEDULED MAINTENANCE
TROUBLESHOOTING TECHNIQUES
Nonelectric Components
Nonelectric Components - Continued
USE OF BASIC TEST EQUIPMENT
Figure 2-2.-Continuity test.
Figure 2-3.-Wheatstone bridge.
DC VOLTMETER
Figure 2-4.--Schematic diagram of a typical multimeter.
Figure 2-5.-Digital multimeter.
Figure 2-6.-Megger internal circuit and external view.
TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY
PHASE ANGLE VOLTMETER
Figure 2-9.-Differential voltmeter.
AIRCRAFT WIRE AND CABLES
Figure 2-10.-Cables commonly used in aircraft.
Wire Selection and Characteristics
Table 2-1.-Current Rating of Wires
Figure 2-11.-Examples of wire identification coding.
Figure 2-12.-Spacing of identification stamping on wire and cable
Wiring and Cable Identification Codes
Figure 2-13.-Wire stripping method.
Table 2-3.--Approximate Soldering Iron Size for Tinning
Figure 2-14.-Typical heat shrinkable tubing.
SHOCK MOUNTS
Figure 2-15.-Typical shock mounts.
FABRICATION OF CABLES
Figure 2-17.-Connector soldering sequence.
Figure 2-21.-Routing cables through lightening holes.
Figure 2-22.-Routing cables.
Parts Requiring Bonding
Figure 2-23.-Bonding methods.
MAINTENANCE OF MOTORS AND GENERATORS
Figure 2-24.-Typical use of sleeving.
MAINTENANCE OF MOTORS AND GENERATORS - Continued
CIRCUIT CONSTRUCTION
Figure 2-25.--Printed circuit module.
Figure 2-26. -MA-2 aircraft electrical power test set assembly.
Variable-Speed Drive Assembly
Huntron Tracker 1000
Figure 2-27.-Circuit signatures: View A-Low-range open circuit; view B--medium and high range open circuit; and view C--all ranges short circuit.
Figure 2-29.-Front panel.
Table 2-4.-Front Panel Controls and Connectors
Figure 2-30.-Back panel.
Figure 2-31.-Auto/alternate sequence.
Troubleshooting Tips
Troubleshooting Tips - Continued
IN-CIRCUIT TESTING
Material Identity: Diode
Figure 2-32.-Jet ignition system test panel.
Figure 2-33.-Tachometer Indicator-Generator Test Set TTU-27/E.
Figure 2-34.-JETCAL analyzer.
JET CALIBRATION (JETCAL) ANALYZER
Figure 2-35.-Synchrophaser test set.
Figure 2-36.-Test Set, TTU-205C/E.
CAPACITIVE-TYPE LIQUID QUANTITY TEST SET TF-20
Figure 2-37.-TF-20 liquid quantity test set.
Figure 2-39.-Air-conditioning Test Set AN/PSM-21A.
Figure 2-40.-VAST station.
Figure 2-41.-Data transfer unit (DTU).
OPERATION OF A VAST STATION
Figure 2-43.-VAST control panel.
COMPONENT SUSCEPTIBILITY
Table 2-9.-Typical Measured Electrostatic Voltages
CONDUCTIVE ESD PROTECTIVE MATERIALS
ANTI-STATIC ESD PROTECTIVE MATERIALS
Figure 2-44.-ESDS markings.
CHAPTER 3 POWER GENERATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS
AIRCRAFT LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Figure 4-1.-Lamp bases.
Figure 4-4.-Exterior lighting.
Figure 4-5.-Typical helicopter lighting.
Figure 4-6.-Retractable landing lights.
Approach Lights
Figure 4-7.-Angle-of-attack components.
Figure 4-8.-Rheostat switch.
Figure 4-9.-Interior lighting.
Cockpit Lights
Figure 4-10.-Cockpit utility light.
AIRCRAFT ELECTROHYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS
Figure 4-12.-Basic hydraulic system, hand-operated pump.
Figure 4-13.-Hydraurlic surface control booster with no mechanical input and AFCS disengaged.
Figure 4-14.-Hydraulic surface control booster with no mechanical input and AFCS engaged.
BOOSTER SYSTEM OPERATION
Figure 4-15.-Landing gear control circuit.
Arresting Gear System
Figure 4-16.-Arresting gear control and indicating system.
COMMAND POTENTIOMETER
Figure 4-17.-Nosewheel steering system.
Catapulting System
Figure 4-18.-Catapulting system control and indicating system.
Figure 4-19.-Speed brake system.
Figure 4-20.-Canopy system.
Figure 4-21.-Canopy jettison.
Figure 4-22.-Pneumatic system.
AIRCRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Figure 4-23.- cabin air-conditioning pressurization diagram
Figure 4-24.-Temperature control panel.
System Operation
Figure 4-25. - Cabin air-conditioning and pressurization schematic diagram
Figure 4-26.--Equipment cooling flow diagram.
Figure 4-27.-Equipment cooling schematic diagram.
CABIN AND VENT SUIT TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM
Figure 4-28.-Cabin temperature channel.
Figure 4-29.-Vent suit channel.
Figure 4-30. - Winshield anti-icing system.
Windshield Anti-Icing and Defogging System
Figure 4-31.-Pitot tube anti-icing circuit.
CONSTANT SPEED DRIVE/STARTER
CHAPTER 5 AIRCRAFT POWER PLANT ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Figure 5-2.-Air turbine starter.
Figure 5-3.-Air turbine starting system diagram.
IGNITION SYSTEMS
Figure 5-4.-Cross-sectional view of a jet igniter plug.
Figure 5-5.-Functional schematic of capacitor-discharge system.
Figure 5-6.-Jet engine electronic ignition system.
Engine Alternator Stator
ENGINE COORDINATORS
Figure 5-7.-Engine temperature control (turboprop) system block diagram.
ENGINE START CONTROL SYSTEM
Figure 5-8.-Engine start control system.
Table 5-1. Engine Starting Sequence
Starting Fuel Enrichment Valve
ENGINE START CYCLE OPERATION
POWER PLANT ANTI-ICING AND DEICING SYSTEMS
Figure 5-9.-Inlet guide vane anti-icing system.
Figure 5-10.-Electrical deicing for a propeller system.
PROPELLER DEICING SYSTEMS
Figure 5-12.-Typical engine fire warning circuit schematic.
Figure 5-13.-Container and dual valve assembly.
Figure 5-14.-Engine fire-extinguishing circuit schematic.
FUEL TRANSFER SYSTEMS
CENTER OF GRAVITY (CG) CONTROL SYSTEM
Figure 5-15.-Oil temperature control circuit.
Figure 5-16.-Automatic oil temperature control circuit.
OPERATING PRINCIPLES
Figure 5-17. - Variable exhaust nozzle system schematic diagram
PROPELLER SYNCHROPHASING SYSTEM
SYNCHROPHASING
OPERATIONAL MODES
Figure 5-18.-Synchrophaser control schematic diagram.
Figure 5-19.-Power lever anticipation and speed derivative circuits in normal governing mode.
LIMITING ENGINE TRANSIENT SPEED CHANGES
Figure 5-20. - Synchrophaser schematic diagram, synchrophaser mode ( slave channel)
Figure 5-21.--Master and slave pulse comparisons.
Figure 5-22.-Off-speed pulse comparison: (A) slave underspeed; (B) slave overspeed.
Figure 5-23.-Simplified schematic of signal summing.
TROUBLESHOOTING HINTS
PROPELLER CONTROL SYSTEM
Figure 5-24.-Propeller control circuit.
FUEL GOVERNOR AND PROPELLER PITCHLOCK TEST SWITCH
PROPELLER CONTROL OPERATION
APPROACH POWER COMPENSATOR SYSTEM
Figure 5-25.-Approach power compensator simplified schematic.
MASTER POWER DISTRIBUTION
SPREAD SEQUENCE
PYLON AND STABILATOR FOLD
VARIABLE INLET DUCT RAMP SYSTEM
CHAPTER 6 AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS
Figure 6-1.-Mercurial barometer.
Figure 6-4.-(A) Airspeed indicator; (B) maximum allowable airspeed indicator.
Figure 6-5.-Airspeed/Mach indicator.
Figure 6-6.-Airspeed/Mach number indicator mechanical schematic.
ELEVATION AND TRUE ALTITUDE
Figure 6-7.-Different types of altitude.
Figure 6-8.-Simplified aneroid mechanism.
Figure 6-10.-Mechanical schematic of a counter pointer pressure altimeter.
Figure 6-11.-Vertical speed indicator (VSI).
Figure 6-13.-F-14 air data computer system.
Figure 6-14.-Air data computer block diagram showing inputs and outputs.
Table 6-1.-Symbols Used with an ADC System
Figure 6-15.-ADC (digital processor) inputs and outputs.
Figure 6-17.-ADC system airstream senors.
Figure 6-18.-Pitot-static probe.
Figure 6-19.-Total temperature circuit.
Figure 6-20.--The automatic altitude reporting system.
ERRORS IN MEASURED STATIC PRESSURE
Table 6-2.-Computer Requirements
Figure 6-21.-CPU-66/A computer components.
Figure 6-24.-AAU-19/A, AAU-21/A, AAU-24/A altimeters.
Figure 6-25.-AAU-19/A altimeter.
Figure 6-26.-AAU-24/A altimeter dial face.
Figure 6-27.-Altimeter block diagram.
Figure 6-28.-AOA indicators: (A) radial; (B) vertical scale.
Figure 6-30.-Mechanical schematic of airstream direction detector
Figure 6-32.-Angle-of-attack (AOA) indications.
Figure 6-33.-Rudder shaker schematic (simplified).
Figure 6-35.-Action of a freely mounted gyroscope.
Figure 6-36.-Precession resulting from deflective force.
Figure 6-38.-Roll and pitch indications on the attitude indicator.
Figure 6-39.-All-attitude indicator (AAI).
TURN POINTER
Figure 6-41.-Miscellaneous flight instruments.
Figure 6-42.-Accelerometer mechanical schematic.
Direct-Reading Magnetic Compasses
Outside Air Temperature Indicator
Figure 6-43.-Tachometer indicators: (A) jet engine (radial); (B) jet engine (vertical scale).
Figure 6-44.-Cutaway view of a tachometer generator.
Figure 6-45.-Cutaway view of a tachometer indicator (radial).
Vertical Scale Indicators
Figure 6-46.-F-14 engine instrument indicating group.
Figure 6-47.-Indicator of a resistance thermometer.
Figure 6-49.-Radiometer type temperature indicator.
Figure 6-50.-Thermocouples: (A) gasket type; (B) rivet type.
Figure 6-51.-Turbine inlet temperature indicator system.
Figure 6-52.-Exhaust gas temperature indicating system.
Figure 6-53.-Cutaway view of a fuel flow transmitter.
Figure 6-54.-(A) Fuel flow indicator; (B) fuel flow totalizer indicator
FUEL FLOW TOTALIZER INDICATOR
Figure 6-58.-Bourdon tube oil pressure instrument.
Figure 6-59.-Schematic of a synchro oil pressure indicating system.
Figure 6-60.-Fuel pressure synchro system.
Figure 6-61.-Exhaust nozzle position indicating system.
Figure 6-62.-Torquemeter system: (A) pickup assembly; (B) indicating system.
Figure 6-63.--Fuel quantity indicator: (A) Radial; (B) vertical scale
Figure 6-64.-Fuel quantity transmitter.
Figure 6-67.-Fuel quantity indicator schematic.
Figure 6-68.-Fuel quantity tank units: (A) Noncharacterized; (B) Characterized.
Figure 6-69.-(A) Hydraulic pressure indicator; (B) hydraulic pressure indicating schematic.
Figure 6-70.-Cabin pressure altitude indicator.
Figure 6-71.-Three-wire dc synchro system.
Figure 6-72.--Landing gear position indicating system: (A) typical; (B) system schematic.
Figure 6-74.-Dc synchro flap position indicating system.
Figure 6-75.--Integrated position indicator (IPI).
INSTRUMENT SYSTEM MAINTENANCE
Markings and Graduation
Aircraft Plumbing
Figure 6-76.-Electrical line identification application.
Figure 6-77.-Functional identification tape data.
PITOT-STATIC INSTRUMENT MAINTENANCE
INSTRUMENT TESTING
Table 6-4.-Troubleshooting Chart--Airspeed Indicator
Table 6-5.-Troubleshooting Chart--Fuel Flow Indicating System
EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE TREATMENT
CHAPTER 7 COMPASS AND INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
Figure 7-1.-Schematic representation of earth showing axis of rotation and equator.
Figure 7-5.-Latitude of M is angle QOM or arc QM.
Figure 7-6.--Longitude is measured between meridians.
Figure 7-8.-Westerly magnetic variation.
Figure 7-10.-Effect of compass error.
Figure 7-11.-The earth's magnetism.
CELESTIAL NAVIGATION
INERTIAL NAVIGATION
Figure 7-12.--Flux valve heading changes.
Figure 7-13.-Magnetic flux line movement.
Figure 7-16.-Compass transmitter schematic and functional symbols.
Figure 7-17.--Typical displacement gyro and servo loops.
Figure 7-18.-Horizontal situation indicator.
Figure 7-19.-Bearing-distance-heading indicator.
Figure 7-20.-Block diagram of the attitude heading reference system.
Figure 7-21.-Displacement gyroscope.
Figure 7-22.-Amplifier power supply.
Compass Adapter Compensator
Figure 7-25.-Switching rate gyroscope.
Figure 7-26.--Attitude direction indicator.
Fundamentals of Integration
Figure 7-27.-Simple single-axis INS block diagram.
Figure 7-29.-Two-axis inertial navigation system, block diagram.
Figure 7-30.-Two-axis inertial platform in a plane coordinate system.
Figure 7-31.-Acceleration and velocity curves.
Figure 7-33.-Principle of an accelerometer: (A) accelerometer at null, (B) true acceleration, (C) spurious acceleration due to gravity.
Figure 7-35.-Basic inertial navigation system.
Figure 7-36.-Simplified platform stable element.
Figure 7-38.-Gimbal flipping action.
Figure 7-39.-Earth rate torquing: (A) without gyro torquing; (B) with gyro torquing.
Figure 7-41.-Simple pendulum.
Figure 7-42.-Compound pendulum.
Figure 7-43.-Frame of reference.
Figure 7-44.-Gyro maintaining inertial platform level.
MAINTAINING THE FRAME OF REFERENCE
Figure 7-45.-Centripetal correction along latitude.
Figure 7-46.-Platform on great circle route.
Figure 7-47.-Coriolis effects.
Figure 7-48.-Coriolis and centripetal corrections.
Figure 7-49.-Simplified Schuler-tuned loop, platform level.
Fine Alignment (Leveling)
Figure 7-53.-Typical heading alignment loop.
COARSE SEA ALIGNMENT
TYPES OF INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
Figure 7-55.-Typical semianalytic inertial navagation system, block diagram.
Figure 7-57.-Strap-down inertial navigation system, block diagram.
Figure 7-58.-Compass rose, with aircraft on south heading.
Compass Rose
Figure 7-59.-Compass correction card.
Figure 7-60.-MC-2 magnetic compass calibrator set.
Figure 7-61.-Electrical swing and manual swing at a 90-degree heading.
MC-2 Magnetic Compass Calibrator Set
CHAPTER 8 AUTOMATIC FLIGHT CONTROL AND STABILIZATION SYSTEMS
Figure 8-2.-Lift increases as velocity increases.
Figure 8-3.-Constant velocity verus increasing angle of attack.
Figure 8-4.-Induced drag.
Figure 8-5.-Lift and drag change proportionately with the shape of the airfoil.
Figure 8-8.-Fixed-wing aircraft controls.
Figure 8-9.-Flight controls. (A) Elevator and aileron; (B) Rudder.
Figure 8-10.-Helicopter flight controls.
Figure 8-12.-Flapping angle creates horizontal lift. (A) Hovering flight; (B) Forward flight.
AUTOMATIC FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEMS (AFCS)
AFCS COMPONENTS
Figure 8-14.-(A) Air navigation computer; (B) One-channel amplifier/computer.
Figure 8-15.-Control stick steering components.
Figure 8-16.-Signal generator pickoff operation.
Figure 8-17.-Vertical gyro components.
Figure 8-18.-Vertical pitch and roll reference.
Figure 8-19.-Three-axis rate gyro orientation diagram.
Figure 8-20.-Rate gyro axis orientation.
Figure 8-22.-(A) Barometric altitude control; (B) Internal parts; (C) Simplied schematic.
Figure 8-23.-Flap position transmitter and schematic.
Figure 8-24.-Accelerometer transmitter.
Figure 8-26.-Dynamic sensor pendulum positions: (A) Coordinated turn; (B) Slip; (C)Skid.
ELECTROHYDRAULIC SERVO ACTUATORS
Figure 8-27.-Hydraulic booster block diagram.
Figure 8-28.--Automatic pitch trim block diagram.
Stability Augmentation Mode
Automatic Carrier Landing System (ACLS)
Figure 8-30.-Helicopter automatic flight control system panel.
AFCS POWER SWITCHING ASSEMBLY
AIRSPEED TRANSDUCER
Digital Automatic Flight Control System (DAFCS)
ATTITUDE AND AIRSPEED HOLD
Figure 8-32.-DAFCS input/output block diagram.
HOVER AUGMENTATION/GUST ALLEVIATION
AUTOMATIC APPROACH TO HOVER
PITCH BIAS ACTUATOR (PBA)
Figure 8-33.-ASE control panel.
CHANNEL MONITOR PANEL
Figure 8-36.-Hover trim control panel.
Figure 8-37.-Dual-channel LAG amplifier.
Figure 8-39. -Attitude demodulator.
Figure 8-41.-Inertial velocity system computer.
Figure 8-44.-Collective pitch lever grip.
Figure 8-46.-Stick trim valve and schematic diagram.
Figure 8-47.-Servo valve.
Pitch Channel
Figure 8-48.-ASE/coupler pitch channel.
Figure 8-49.-ASE/coupler run channel.
Figure 8-50.-ASE/coupler collective channel.
Figure 8-51.-ASE yaw channel.
Yaw Channel
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - Continued
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - Continued
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - Continued
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - Continued
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - Continued
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - Continued
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - Continued
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - Continued
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - Continued\
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - Continued
APPENDIX II SYMBOLS
APPENDIX II SYMBOLS - Continued
APPENDIX II SYMBOLS - Continued
APPENDIX II SYMBOLS - Continued
APPENDIX II SYMBOLS - Continued
APPENDIX II SYMBOLS - Continued
APPENDIX II SYMBOLS - Continued
APPENDIX II SYMBOLS - Continued
APPENDIX II SYMBOLS - Continued
APPENDIX III REFERENCES
APPENDIX III REFERENCES - Continued
APPENDIX III REFERENCES - Continued
APPENDIX IV REVIEW SUBSET ANSWERS
APPENDIX IV REVIEW SUBSET ANSWERS - Continued
APPENDIX IV REVIEW SUBSET ANSWERS - Continued
APPENDIX IV REVIEW SUBSET ANSWERS - Continued
APPENDIX IV REVIEW SUBSET ANSWERS - Continued
APPENDIX IV REVIEW SUBSET ANSWERS - Continued
APPENDIX IV REVIEW SUBSET ANSWERS - Continued
GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
Figure 2-1.-Radiation, intake, exhaust, and turbine blade failure danger areas.
Low-Voltage Precautions
Volatile Liquids
ELECTRICAL FIRES
Nonmagnetic Tools
UNSCHEDULED MAINTENANCE
TROUBLESHOOTING TECHNIQUES
Nonelectric Components
Nonelectric Components - Continued
USE OF BASIC TEST EQUIPMENT
Figure 2-2.-Continuity test.
Figure 2-3.-Wheatstone bridge.
DC VOLTMETER
Figure 2-4.--Schematic diagram of a typical multimeter.
Figure 2-5.-Digital multimeter.
Figure 2-6.-Megger internal circuit and external view.
TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY
PHASE ANGLE VOLTMETER
Figure 2-9.-Differential voltmeter.
AIRCRAFT WIRE AND CABLES
Figure 2-10.-Cables commonly used in aircraft.
Wire Selection and Characteristics
Table 2-1.-Current Rating of Wires
Figure 2-11.-Examples of wire identification coding.
Figure 2-12.-Spacing of identification stamping on wire and cable
Wiring and Cable Identification Codes
Figure 2-13.-Wire stripping method.
Table 2-3.--Approximate Soldering Iron Size for Tinning
Figure 2-14.-Typical heat shrinkable tubing.
SHOCK MOUNTS
Figure 2-15.-Typical shock mounts.
FABRICATION OF CABLES
Figure 2-17.-Connector soldering sequence.
Figure 2-21.-Routing cables through lightening holes.
Figure 2-22.-Routing cables.
Parts Requiring Bonding
Figure 2-23.-Bonding methods.
MAINTENANCE OF MOTORS AND GENERATORS
Figure 2-24.-Typical use of sleeving.
MAINTENANCE OF MOTORS AND GENERATORS - Continued
CIRCUIT CONSTRUCTION
Figure 2-25.--Printed circuit module.
Figure 2-26. -MA-2 aircraft electrical power test set assembly.
Variable-Speed Drive Assembly
Huntron Tracker 1000
Figure 2-27.-Circuit signatures: View A-Low-range open circuit; view B--medium and high range open circuit; and view C--all ranges short circuit.
Figure 2-29.-Front panel.
Table 2-4.-Front Panel Controls and Connectors
Figure 2-30.-Back panel.
Figure 2-31.-Auto/alternate sequence.
Troubleshooting Tips
Troubleshooting Tips - Continued
IN-CIRCUIT TESTING
Material Identity: Diode
Figure 2-32.-Jet ignition system test panel.
Figure 2-33.-Tachometer Indicator-Generator Test Set TTU-27/E.
Figure 2-34.-JETCAL analyzer.
JET CALIBRATION (JETCAL) ANALYZER
Figure 2-35.-Synchrophaser test set.
Figure 2-36.-Test Set, TTU-205C/E.
CAPACITIVE-TYPE LIQUID QUANTITY TEST SET TF-20
Figure 2-37.-TF-20 liquid quantity test set.
Figure 2-39.-Air-conditioning Test Set AN/PSM-21A.
Figure 2-40.-VAST station.
Figure 2-41.-Data transfer unit (DTU).
OPERATION OF A VAST STATION
Figure 2-43.-VAST control panel.
COMPONENT SUSCEPTIBILITY
Table 2-9.-Typical Measured Electrostatic Voltages
CONDUCTIVE ESD PROTECTIVE MATERIALS
ANTI-STATIC ESD PROTECTIVE MATERIALS
Figure 2-44.-ESDS markings.
CHAPTER 3 POWER GENERATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS
AIRCRAFT LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Figure 4-1.-Lamp bases.
Figure 4-4.-Exterior lighting.
Figure 4-5.-Typical helicopter lighting.
Figure 4-6.-Retractable landing lights.
Approach Lights
Figure 4-7.-Angle-of-attack components.
Figure 4-8.-Rheostat switch.
Figure 4-9.-Interior lighting.
Cockpit Lights
Figure 4-10.-Cockpit utility light.
AIRCRAFT ELECTROHYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS
Figure 4-12.-Basic hydraulic system, hand-operated pump.
Figure 4-13.-Hydraurlic surface control booster with no mechanical input and AFCS disengaged.
Figure 4-14.-Hydraulic surface control booster with no mechanical input and AFCS engaged.
BOOSTER SYSTEM OPERATION
Figure 4-15.-Landing gear control circuit.
Arresting Gear System
Figure 4-16.-Arresting gear control and indicating system.
COMMAND POTENTIOMETER
Figure 4-17.-Nosewheel steering system.
Catapulting System
Figure 4-18.-Catapulting system control and indicating system.
Figure 4-19.-Speed brake system.
Figure 4-20.-Canopy system.
Figure 4-21.-Canopy jettison.
Figure 4-22.-Pneumatic system.
AIRCRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Figure 4-23.- cabin air-conditioning pressurization diagram
Figure 4-24.-Temperature control panel.
System Operation
Figure 4-25. - Cabin air-conditioning and pressurization schematic diagram
Figure 4-26.--Equipment cooling flow diagram.
Figure 4-27.-Equipment cooling schematic diagram.
CABIN AND VENT SUIT TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM
Figure 4-28.-Cabin temperature channel.
Figure 4-29.-Vent suit channel.
Figure 4-30. - Winshield anti-icing system.
Windshield Anti-Icing and Defogging System
Figure 4-31.-Pitot tube anti-icing circuit.
CONSTANT SPEED DRIVE/STARTER
CHAPTER 5 AIRCRAFT POWER PLANT ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Figure 5-2.-Air turbine starter.
Figure 5-3.-Air turbine starting system diagram.
IGNITION SYSTEMS
Figure 5-4.-Cross-sectional view of a jet igniter plug.
Figure 5-5.-Functional schematic of capacitor-discharge system.
Figure 5-6.-Jet engine electronic ignition system.
Engine Alternator Stator
ENGINE COORDINATORS
Figure 5-7.-Engine temperature control (turboprop) system block diagram.
ENGINE START CONTROL SYSTEM
Figure 5-8.-Engine start control system.
Table 5-1. Engine Starting Sequence
Starting Fuel Enrichment Valve
ENGINE START CYCLE OPERATION
POWER PLANT ANTI-ICING AND DEICING SYSTEMS
Figure 5-9.-Inlet guide vane anti-icing system.
Figure 5-10.-Electrical deicing for a propeller system.
PROPELLER DEICING SYSTEMS
Figure 5-12.-Typical engine fire warning circuit schematic.
Figure 5-13.-Container and dual valve assembly.
Figure 5-14.-Engine fire-extinguishing circuit schematic.
FUEL TRANSFER SYSTEMS
CENTER OF GRAVITY (CG) CONTROL SYSTEM
Figure 5-15.-Oil temperature control circuit.
Figure 5-16.-Automatic oil temperature control circuit.
OPERATING PRINCIPLES
Figure 5-17. - Variable exhaust nozzle system schematic diagram
PROPELLER SYNCHROPHASING SYSTEM
SYNCHROPHASING
OPERATIONAL MODES
Figure 5-18.-Synchrophaser control schematic diagram.
Figure 5-19.-Power lever anticipation and speed derivative circuits in normal governing mode.
LIMITING ENGINE TRANSIENT SPEED CHANGES
Figure 5-20. - Synchrophaser schematic diagram, synchrophaser mode ( slave channel)
Figure 5-21.--Master and slave pulse comparisons.
Figure 5-22.-Off-speed pulse comparison: (A) slave underspeed; (B) slave overspeed.
Figure 5-23.-Simplified schematic of signal summing.
TROUBLESHOOTING HINTS
PROPELLER CONTROL SYSTEM
Figure 5-24.-Propeller control circuit.
FUEL GOVERNOR AND PROPELLER PITCHLOCK TEST SWITCH
PROPELLER CONTROL OPERATION
APPROACH POWER COMPENSATOR SYSTEM
Figure 5-25.-Approach power compensator simplified schematic.
MASTER POWER DISTRIBUTION
SPREAD SEQUENCE
PYLON AND STABILATOR FOLD
VARIABLE INLET DUCT RAMP SYSTEM
CHAPTER 6 AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS
Figure 6-1.-Mercurial barometer.
Figure 6-4.-(A) Airspeed indicator; (B) maximum allowable airspeed indicator.
Figure 6-5.-Airspeed/Mach indicator.
Figure 6-6.-Airspeed/Mach number indicator mechanical schematic.
ELEVATION AND TRUE ALTITUDE
Figure 6-7.-Different types of altitude.
Figure 6-8.-Simplified aneroid mechanism.
Figure 6-10.-Mechanical schematic of a counter pointer pressure altimeter.
Figure 6-11.-Vertical speed indicator (VSI).
Figure 6-13.-F-14 air data computer system.
Figure 6-14.-Air data computer block diagram showing inputs and outputs.
Table 6-1.-Symbols Used with an ADC System
Figure 6-15.-ADC (digital processor) inputs and outputs.
Figure 6-17.-ADC system airstream senors.
Figure 6-18.-Pitot-static probe.
Figure 6-19.-Total temperature circuit.
Figure 6-20.--The automatic altitude reporting system.
ERRORS IN MEASURED STATIC PRESSURE
Table 6-2.-Computer Requirements
Figure 6-21.-CPU-66/A computer components.
Figure 6-24.-AAU-19/A, AAU-21/A, AAU-24/A altimeters.
Figure 6-25.-AAU-19/A altimeter.
Figure 6-26.-AAU-24/A altimeter dial face.
Figure 6-27.-Altimeter block diagram.
Figure 6-28.-AOA indicators: (A) radial; (B) vertical scale.
Figure 6-30.-Mechanical schematic of airstream direction detector
Figure 6-32.-Angle-of-attack (AOA) indications.
Figure 6-33.-Rudder shaker schematic (simplified).
Figure 6-35.-Action of a freely mounted gyroscope.
Figure 6-36.-Precession resulting from deflective force.
Figure 6-38.-Roll and pitch indications on the attitude indicator.
Figure 6-39.-All-attitude indicator (AAI).
TURN POINTER
Figure 6-41.-Miscellaneous flight instruments.
Figure 6-42.-Accelerometer mechanical schematic.
Direct-Reading Magnetic Compasses
Outside Air Temperature Indicator
Figure 6-43.-Tachometer indicators: (A) jet engine (radial); (B) jet engine (vertical scale).
Figure 6-44.-Cutaway view of a tachometer generator.
Figure 6-45.-Cutaway view of a tachometer indicator (radial).
Vertical Scale Indicators
Figure 6-46.-F-14 engine instrument indicating group.
Figure 6-47.-Indicator of a resistance thermometer.
Figure 6-49.-Radiometer type temperature indicator.
Figure 6-50.-Thermocouples: (A) gasket type; (B) rivet type.
Figure 6-51.-Turbine inlet temperature indicator system.
Figure 6-52.-Exhaust gas temperature indicating system.
Figure 6-53.-Cutaway view of a fuel flow transmitter.
Figure 6-54.-(A) Fuel flow indicator; (B) fuel flow totalizer indicator
FUEL FLOW TOTALIZER INDICATOR
Figure 6-58.-Bourdon tube oil pressure instrument.
Figure 6-59.-Schematic of a synchro oil pressure indicating system.
Figure 6-60.-Fuel pressure synchro system.
Figure 6-61.-Exhaust nozzle position indicating system.
Figure 6-62.-Torquemeter system: (A) pickup assembly; (B) indicating system.
Figure 6-63.--Fuel quantity indicator: (A) Radial; (B) vertical scale
Figure 6-64.-Fuel quantity transmitter.
Figure 6-67.-Fuel quantity indicator schematic.
Figure 6-68.-Fuel quantity tank units: (A) Noncharacterized; (B) Characterized.
Figure 6-69.-(A) Hydraulic pressure indicator; (B) hydraulic pressure indicating schematic.
Figure 6-70.-Cabin pressure altitude indicator.
Figure 6-71.-Three-wire dc synchro system.
Figure 6-72.--Landing gear position indicating system: (A) typical; (B) system schematic.
Figure 6-74.-Dc synchro flap position indicating system.
Figure 6-75.--Integrated position indicator (IPI).
INSTRUMENT SYSTEM MAINTENANCE
Markings and Graduation
Aircraft Plumbing
Figure 6-76.-Electrical line identification application.
Figure 6-77.-Functional identification tape data.
PITOT-STATIC INSTRUMENT MAINTENANCE
INSTRUMENT TESTING
Table 6-4.-Troubleshooting Chart--Airspeed Indicator
Table 6-5.-Troubleshooting Chart--Fuel Flow Indicating System
EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE TREATMENT
CHAPTER 7 COMPASS AND INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
Figure 7-1.-Schematic representation of earth showing axis of rotation and equator.
Figure 7-5.-Latitude of M is angle QOM or arc QM.
Figure 7-6.--Longitude is measured between meridians.
Figure 7-8.-Westerly magnetic variation.
Figure 7-10.-Effect of compass error.
Figure 7-11.-The earth's magnetism.
CELESTIAL NAVIGATION
INERTIAL NAVIGATION
Figure 7-12.--Flux valve heading changes.
Figure 7-13.-Magnetic flux line movement.
Figure 7-16.-Compass transmitter schematic and functional symbols.
Figure 7-17.--Typical displacement gyro and servo loops.
Figure 7-18.-Horizontal situation indicator.
Figure 7-19.-Bearing-distance-heading indicator.
Figure 7-20.-Block diagram of the attitude heading reference system.
Figure 7-21.-Displacement gyroscope.
Figure 7-22.-Amplifier power supply.
Compass Adapter Compensator
Figure 7-25.-Switching rate gyroscope.
Figure 7-26.--Attitude direction indicator.
Fundamentals of Integration
Figure 7-27.-Simple single-axis INS block diagram.
Figure 7-29.-Two-axis inertial navigation system, block diagram.
Figure 7-30.-Two-axis inertial platform in a plane coordinate system.
Figure 7-31.-Acceleration and velocity curves.
Figure 7-33.-Principle of an accelerometer: (A) accelerometer at null, (B) true acceleration, (C) spurious acceleration due to gravity.
Figure 7-35.-Basic inertial navigation system.
Figure 7-36.-Simplified platform stable element.
Figure 7-38.-Gimbal flipping action.
Figure 7-39.-Earth rate torquing: (A) without gyro torquing; (B) with gyro torquing.
Figure 7-41.-Simple pendulum.
Figure 7-42.-Compound pendulum.
Figure 7-43.-Frame of reference.
Figure 7-44.-Gyro maintaining inertial platform level.
MAINTAINING THE FRAME OF REFERENCE
Figure 7-45.-Centripetal correction along latitude.
Figure 7-46.-Platform on great circle route.
Figure 7-47.-Coriolis effects.
Figure 7-48.-Coriolis and centripetal corrections.
Figure 7-49.-Simplified Schuler-tuned loop, platform level.
Fine Alignment (Leveling)
Figure 7-53.-Typical heading alignment loop.
COARSE SEA ALIGNMENT
TYPES OF INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
Figure 7-55.-Typical semianalytic inertial navagation system, block diagram.
Figure 7-57.-Strap-down inertial navigation system, block diagram.
Figure 7-58.-Compass rose, with aircraft on south heading.
Compass Rose
Figure 7-59.-Compass correction card.
Figure 7-60.-MC-2 magnetic compass calibrator set.
Figure 7-61.-Electrical swing and manual swing at a 90-degree heading.
MC-2 Magnetic Compass Calibrator Set
CHAPTER 8 AUTOMATIC FLIGHT CONTROL AND STABILIZATION SYSTEMS
Figure 8-2.-Lift increases as velocity increases.
Figure 8-3.-Constant velocity verus increasing angle of attack.
Figure 8-4.-Induced drag.
Figure 8-5.-Lift and drag change proportionately with the shape of the airfoil.
Figure 8-8.-Fixed-wing aircraft controls.
Figure 8-9.-Flight controls. (A) Elevator and aileron; (B) Rudder.
Figure 8-10.-Helicopter flight controls.
Figure 8-12.-Flapping angle creates horizontal lift. (A) Hovering flight; (B) Forward flight.
AUTOMATIC FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEMS (AFCS)
AFCS COMPONENTS
Figure 8-14.-(A) Air navigation computer; (B) One-channel amplifier/computer.
Figure 8-15.-Control stick steering components.
Figure 8-16.-Signal generator pickoff operation.
Figure 8-17.-Vertical gyro components.
Figure 8-18.-Vertical pitch and roll reference.
Figure 8-19.-Three-axis rate gyro orientation diagram.
Figure 8-20.-Rate gyro axis orientation.
Figure 8-22.-(A) Barometric altitude control; (B) Internal parts; (C) Simplied schematic.
Figure 8-23.-Flap position transmitter and schematic.
Figure 8-24.-Accelerometer transmitter.
Figure 8-26.-Dynamic sensor pendulum positions: (A) Coordinated turn; (B) Slip; (C)Skid.
ELECTROHYDRAULIC SERVO ACTUATORS
Figure 8-27.-Hydraulic booster block diagram.
Figure 8-28.--Automatic pitch trim block diagram.
Stability Augmentation Mode
Automatic Carrier Landing System (ACLS)
Figure 8-30.-Helicopter automatic flight control system panel.
AFCS POWER SWITCHING ASSEMBLY
AIRSPEED TRANSDUCER
Digital Automatic Flight Control System (DAFCS)
ATTITUDE AND AIRSPEED HOLD
Figure 8-32.-DAFCS input/output block diagram.
HOVER AUGMENTATION/GUST ALLEVIATION
AUTOMATIC APPROACH TO HOVER
PITCH BIAS ACTUATOR (PBA)
Figure 8-33.-ASE control panel.
CHANNEL MONITOR PANEL
Figure 8-36.-Hover trim control panel.
Figure 8-37.-Dual-channel LAG amplifier.
Figure 8-39. -Attitude demodulator.
Figure 8-41.-Inertial velocity system computer.
Figure 8-44.-Collective pitch lever grip.
Figure 8-46.-Stick trim valve and schematic diagram.
Figure 8-47.-Servo valve.
Pitch Channel
Figure 8-48.-ASE/coupler pitch channel.
Figure 8-49.-ASE/coupler run channel.
Figure 8-50.-ASE/coupler collective channel.
Figure 8-51.-ASE yaw channel.
Yaw Channel
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - Continued
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - Continued
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - Continued
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - Continued
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - Continued
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - Continued
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - Continued
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - Continued
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - Continued\
APPENDIX I GLOSSARY - Continued
APPENDIX II SYMBOLS
APPENDIX II SYMBOLS - Continued
APPENDIX II SYMBOLS - Continued
APPENDIX II SYMBOLS - Continued
APPENDIX II SYMBOLS - Continued
APPENDIX II SYMBOLS - Continued
APPENDIX II SYMBOLS - Continued
APPENDIX II SYMBOLS - Continued
APPENDIX II SYMBOLS - Continued
APPENDIX III REFERENCES
APPENDIX III REFERENCES - Continued
APPENDIX III REFERENCES - Continued
APPENDIX IV REVIEW SUBSET ANSWERS
APPENDIX IV REVIEW SUBSET ANSWERS - Continued
APPENDIX IV REVIEW SUBSET ANSWERS - Continued
APPENDIX IV REVIEW SUBSET ANSWERS - Continued
APPENDIX IV REVIEW SUBSET ANSWERS - Continued
APPENDIX IV REVIEW SUBSET ANSWERS - Continued
APPENDIX IV REVIEW SUBSET ANSWERS - Continued